Literature

    There were notable differences between the draft Constitution prepared by B.N. Rau , the constitutional advisor, and the final version of the Indian Constitution. While B.N. Rau's draft laid the foundation, it was significantly modified during the debates and deliberations of the Constituent Assembly , primarily under the leadership of Dr. B.R. Ambedkar , the Chairman of the Drafting Committee. Here are the major differences and points of modification: 1. Fundamental Rights: B.N. Rau's draft: Contained fundamental rights but was less specific about enforceability. For example, it included "Directive Principles of Social Policy" rather than enforceable fundamental rights. Final Constitution: The Constituent Assembly significantly expanded and detailed fundamental rights, making them justiciable (enforceable by courts) and adding provisions for remedies (Article 32). 2. Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSPs): B.N. Rau's draft: Focused more on general ...

The scriptures unanimously and emphatically mandate the necessity of a living, physically present Guru for receiving *dīkṣā* (initiation) and spiritual instruction. The concept of receiving initiation from a previous, non-physical *ācārya* is not supported; in fact, it is directly contradicted by the principles and procedures outlined across various traditions. **The Necessity of a Living Teacher for *Dīkṣā*** The texts are unequivocal that mantras and spiritual knowledge must be received through *dīkṣā* from a living Guru. The *Sāṅkhyāyanatantra* warns that one who chants mantras taken from a book without proper initiation becomes a *cāṇḍāla* in this life and is reborn as a dog [^1]. It explicitly states that *dīkṣā* must be received from the mouth (`mukhāt`) of a *kulaguru* [^1]. The relationship is a personal, interactive one, where both Guru and disciple must examine each other (`परीक्ष्य परस्परम्`), and failure to do so results in both attaining the state of a *piśāca* [^1]. **The...

The Puranas are presented as being primordial, with their essence remembered by Brahma even before the Vedas. Several Puranas, including the Vayu, Matsya, and Skanda, state that the Purana was the first of all scriptures remembered by Brahma, after which the Vedas issued from his mouths [^3, ^5, ^7, ^9]. Vayu Purana (as quoted in The Purana Index)    Prathmam sarvaśāstrānām puranam brahmană smṛtam |  Anantaram cha vaktrebhyo vedāstasya vinissṛtāh || [^9]  ( Translation : It was Brahma who first remembered the Purana, the first of all shastras. And then the Vedas issued out of his mouths .) This concept is further elaborated by explaining that originally, in a previous Kalpa, there was only one Purana, a vast and meritorious text of a hundred crore verses that was the means for achieving the three aims of life (`trivarga-sādhana`) [^2, ^3, ^7]. At the time of cosmic dissolution (`pralaya`), the Lord, sometimes in the form of a horse (`vājirūpa`) or a fish (`matsyarūpa...